Deconstruction has made me a devil & Exercise
By Prof Dr Sohail Ansari as the pen was hastening to write,
when it came to love it split asunder.
Deconstruction has made me a devil
·
Deconstruction has been in practice in
my life. I always look at what is not in story as I know, thanks to
deconstruction, that of the two parts of binary oppositions, there is a dominant
and an oppressed or non-dominant.
I, in the end, always take
right as wrong and wrong as right.
Pick, if any, absurdity in the following lines
·
How and where man learnt how to produce flame
at will is unknown. It was probably a secondary invention, accidentally made
during tool-making operations with wood. Therefore, we can conclude that fire
was probably a secondary invention as it is not known how man produced flame.
Identity
In psychology, identity is the qualities, beliefs, personality,
looks and/or expressions that make a person (self-identity)
or group (particular social category or social group).The
process of identity can be creative or destructive.
A psychological
identity relates
to self-image (one's model of oneself), self-esteem,
and individuality.
Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined
as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in
the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one
was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the
future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as:
"One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's
self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between
one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to
ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).
Gender identity forms an important part of identity in
psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both
as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of
identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be
more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others
(Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term
"identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of
self.(Leary &
Tangney 2003, p. 3)
Sociology places some explanatory weight on the concept of role-behavior.
The notion of identity negotiation may arise from the learning of social roles
through personal experience. Identity negotiation is a process in which a
person negotiates with society at large regarding the meaning of his or her
identity.
Psychologists most commonly use the term "identity" to
describe personal
identity, or the idiosyncratic things that make a person unique.
Meanwhile, sociologists often use the term to describe social identity, or
the collection of group memberships that define the individual. However, these
uses are not proprietary, and each discipline may use either concept and each
discipline may combine both concepts when considering a person's identity.
Culture
Culture can be defined
in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary
variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the
practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the
continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common."
Cultural identity
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cultural identity can be expressed through certain styles
of clothing or other aesthetic markers
Cultural identity is the identity or
feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or
any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture. In
this way, cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical
group of members sharing the same cultural identity.
Identity
management theory
Identity management theory (also frequently referred to as IMT) is an intercultural communication theory from the 1990s. It was
developed by William R. Cupach and Tadasu Todd Imahori on the basis
of Erving Goffman's Interaction ritual: Essays on
face-to-face behavior (1967).
Cupach and Imahori distinguish between intercultural communication (speakers from different cultures)
and intracultural communication (speakers sharing the
same culture).
To understand IMT, it is important to be
familiar with Cupach and Imahori's view of identities.
Among the multiple identities which an individual possesses, cultural and
relational identities are regarded as essential to IMT.
Cupach and Imahori
claim that presenting one's face shows facets of an individual's
identity. Whether an interlocuter is able to maintain face or not, reveals his
or her interpersonal communication competence. The use of stereotypes in intercultural conversations often
results from the ignorance of each other's culture; the application of
stereotypes, however, is face threatening. Being able to manage the resulting
tensions, is part of intercultural communication competence. For becoming
competent in developing intercultural relationships, the following three phases
have to be passed:
1.
"trial
and error": act of looking for similar aspects in certain identities.
2.
"mixing
up" the communicators' identities to achieve a relational identity
acceptable for both participants
3.
renegotiating
the distinctive cultural identities with the help of the relational identity
that was created in phase 2
Cupach and Imahori
call these phases "cyclical" as they are gone through by
intercultural communicators for each aspect of their identities.
Erving Goffman is an
author off of which the originators of IMT based their theory. Goffman was a
well-known sociologist and writer and the most cited sociologist from his
writings because of what he studied in communication. Among the six essays that
make up Goffman's book, the first essay shows an individual's self-image while
engaging in communicating with another individual. The author explained that
the self-image that is obtained during interacting is not permanent and has a
large social influence. The image someone gets in a social setting is than
expected for the future. The risk of changing self-image in a social context
will alter how the individual feels about oneself. The author was implying that
oftentimes the defense mechanism is to retract from showing your self to much
in a social setting so others do not see them in a displeasing way. The idea of
the identity management theory uses the ideas of Goffman to help establish what
the idea behind the theory is trying to get at.
Intercultural verse
intracultural communication varies significantly. Intercultural communication
is based on a much greater scheme of things. This type of communication refers
to a group of people that differ in backgrounds, whether that is religion,
ethnic, education, or social backgrounds. Intercultural communication looks at
how the world is viewed, how messages are interpreted, and how differing
cultures react to situations [Communication ]. On the contrary, intracultural
communication discusses how people of the same background interact with one
another. I thought it was interesting that there was not a Wikipedia page
discussing this concept. It is very important to compare and contrast
intercultural communication to understand the similarities and differences.
With little research conducted on intracultural communication, I am unable to
correlate the two types of communication.
The last concept to
expand on is identity. Identity is directly connected with the identity
management theory since it helps define what this theory is trying to explain.
Even though identity is a very broad topic, I will discuss personal identity
through the lens of the individual, which will than effect its social identity.
Identity is said to be the "distinct personality of an individual" identity. Identity can be the view that people
hold about themselves. Also, identity is the perception that people hold about
themselves in a social setting. Identity has many subtopics that distinguish
why this theory is specific and different from other identity theories. Specific
characteristics explain how people feel about themselves as an individual and
in a social setting.
Identity
management strategies[edit]
Social identity theory suggests that individuals and groups
use different identity management strategies to cope with threatened identities.[1] In a study conducted in Northern
Ireland five identity management strategies were tested to see the effects of
the person's identity in light of other people. The five strategies included
1.
Individualization
2.
Social
competition
3.
Change of
comparison dimensions
4.
Temporal
comparisons
5.
Subordinate
re-categorization
The five strategies
previously listed can further be separated two subgroups depending on the style of how
they are manifested.[1] These two subgroups are:
Individual
strategies
·
Individualization
·
Subordinate
re-categorization
Collective
strategies
·
Social
competition
·
Change of
comparison dimensions
·
Temporal
comparisons
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