The most sublime originality By Prof Dr Sohail Ansari & Counterexample reasoning By JANICE MOULTON

Arabic is a language of Islam. This language is not a language of a nation, and our most important duty is to preserve it. Survival of a civilization depends on the preservation of the language of that civilization. Sohad Jaderi , Mohammad Amin Roodini

A theme without any variation

·         Variation on theme is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought. This is indeed originality. But the sublime originality is to see what nobody else has seen: variation of theme; and the most sublime one is to create a theme that has no variation.

Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

THE ADVERSARY METHOD  

THE ADVERSARY METHOD from the reasoning used to address an adversary and it is too complex and interrelated to be evaluated by counterexamples. A good counterexample is one that illustrates a general problem about some principle or general claim. Counterexample reasoning can be used to rule out certain alternatives, or at least to show that the current arguments supporting them are inadequate, but not to construct alternatives or to figure out what principles do apply in certain situations. Counterexamples can show that particular arguments do not support the conclusion, but they do not provide any positive reason for accepting a conclusion, nor can they show how a conclusion is related to other ideas. If counterexample reasoning is not a good way to reach conclusions about complex issues, and it is a good way to construct arguments to defeat adversaries, then we should be careful when we do philosophy to bear this in mind. Instead, most of the time we present adversary arguments as if they were the only way to reason. The adversary paradigm prevents us from seeing that systems of ideas which are not directed to an adversary may be worth studying and developing, and that adversarial reasoning may be incorrect for nonadversarial contexts.