Power of propaganda
by Prof Dr Sohail Ansari “People often say that motivation doesn’t last. Well, neither does
bathing – that’s why we recommend it daily.”Zig Ziglar “Failure
is the condiment that gives success its flavor.” The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "God, His
angels and all those in Heavens and on Earth, even ants in their hills and fish
in the water, call down blessings on those who instruct others in beneficial
knowledge." - Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 422 The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
said: "A servant of God will remain standing on the Day of Judgment until
he is questioned about his (time on earth) and how he used it; about his
knowledge and how he utilized it; about his wealth and from where he acquired
it and in what (activities) he spent it; and about his body and how he used
it." - Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 148
Feel non-existent
Feel non-existent
·
Effective
propaganda makes one feels ‘the enemy’ or ‘the friend’; neither exist.
9 Tracks of Diplomacy.
Tracks are
nothing but the channels that states use as a means of resolving issues of
contention through peaceful methods, because killing each other isn't a good
idea always.
So, when Modi invited Xi to talk over various issues or when Abe called over Modi, that was Track 1 Diplomacy. Government officials like heads of state, state department or ministry of foreign affairs officials, and other governmental departments and ministries are the main actors in this kind of diplomacy.
Significance:
So, when Modi invited Xi to talk over various issues or when Abe called over Modi, that was Track 1 Diplomacy. Government officials like heads of state, state department or ministry of foreign affairs officials, and other governmental departments and ministries are the main actors in this kind of diplomacy.
Significance:
There is a direct communication between the
involved states' governments. If there is a third party present to mediate
between the main parties, the bilateral meet becomes trilateral and so on
depending on the number of parties involved. Track one actors are more likely
to have resources and status. They may have powerful 'carrots' and 'sticks' in
terms of their ability to intervene militarily, support peace
processes/agreements with monitors and peacekeepers, and give or withhold
legitimacy, aid, trade or loans, etc.
When the actors involved are not government officials but non-state actors like NGOs, citizens, business parties, conflict resolution specialists, mediapersons, etc, it is called Track 2 Diplomacy. It was being followed in some form or other since the 60s, but the term was officially coined by a diplomat, Joseph V. Montville in an article in a magazine in 1982, as a channel through which
"citizens could take some action rather
than simply being bystanders while the grown-up governments acted like
jerks,"
Like in 1989, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences hosted the first of a series of
conferences bringing together Arab and Israeli participants to discuss possible
solutions to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which later served as the
foundation to the Olso Accords(Track 1 Diplomacy).
Significance:
Significance:
Track two parties often find it easier to work
flexibly, unofficially, and off-the-record, and have less to be concerned about
in terms of conveying official/legal recognition. Lacking geopolitical
interests and stakes in the conflict, they may be more impartial, forming
relationships with a wider variety of actors in the conflict, and hearing
things official actors do not. On the other hand, they lack the capacity to
compel or coerce parties, can have a harder time 'gaining entry' to a conflict
(especially with state actors), and cannot provide the same incentives and
guarantees as a track one actor. Importantly, they often lack resources and
funding, especially for their more longer-term work that is 'out of the
spotlight'.
Dr. Louise
Diamond, recognized that lumping all track-two activities under one label did
not capture the complexity or breadth of unofficial diplomacy. Therefore, she
coined the phrase "multi-track diplomacy" and sliced
Track 2 Diplomacy into independent components, based on the actors involved. In
1991, Dr. Diamond and Ambassador McDonald expanded the number of tracks to
nine.
Here are the nine tracks:
Here are the nine tracks:
Track 1 –
Government, or Peacemaking through Diplomacy. This is the world of official
diplomacy, policymaking, and peacebuilding as expressed through formal aspects
of the governmental process.
Track 2 – Nongovernment/Professional, or Peacemaking through Conflict Resolution. This is the realm of professional non-governmental action attempting to analyze, prevent, resolve, and manage international conflicts by non-state actors.
Track 3 – Business, or Peacemaking through Commerce. This is the field of business and its actual and potential effects on peace-building through the provision of economic opportunities, international friendship and understanding, informal channels of communication, and support for other peacemaking activities.
Track 4 – Private Citizen, or Peacemaking through Personal Involvement. This includes the various ways that individual citizens become involved in peace and development activities through citizen diplomacy, exchange programs, private voluntary organizations, non-governmental organizations, and special-interest groups.
Track 5 – Research, Training, and Education, or peacemaking through Learning. This track includes three related worlds: research, as it is connected to university programs, think tanks, and special-interest research centers; training programs that seek to provide training in practitioner skills such as negotiation, mediation, conflict resolution, and third-party facilitation; and education, including kindergarten through PhD programs that cover various aspects of global or cross-cultural studies, peace and world order studies, and conflict analysis, management, and resolution.
Track 6 – Activism, or Peacemaking through Advocacy. This track covers the field of peace and environmental activism on such issues as disarmament, human rights, social and economic justice, and advocacy of special-interest groups regarding specific governmental policies.
Track 7 – Religion, or Peacemaking through Faith in action. This examines the beliefs and peace-oriented actions of spiritual and religious communities and such morality-based movements as pacifism, sanctuary, and non-violence.
Track 8 – Funding, or Peacemaking through Providing Resources. This refers to the funding community-those foundations and individual philanthropists that provide the financial support for many of the activities undertaken by the other tracks.
Track 9 – Communications and the Media, or Peacemaking through Information. This is the realm of the voice of the people: how public opinion gets shaped and expressed by the media-print, film, video, radio, electronic systems, the arts.
Track 2 – Nongovernment/Professional, or Peacemaking through Conflict Resolution. This is the realm of professional non-governmental action attempting to analyze, prevent, resolve, and manage international conflicts by non-state actors.
Track 3 – Business, or Peacemaking through Commerce. This is the field of business and its actual and potential effects on peace-building through the provision of economic opportunities, international friendship and understanding, informal channels of communication, and support for other peacemaking activities.
Track 4 – Private Citizen, or Peacemaking through Personal Involvement. This includes the various ways that individual citizens become involved in peace and development activities through citizen diplomacy, exchange programs, private voluntary organizations, non-governmental organizations, and special-interest groups.
Track 5 – Research, Training, and Education, or peacemaking through Learning. This track includes three related worlds: research, as it is connected to university programs, think tanks, and special-interest research centers; training programs that seek to provide training in practitioner skills such as negotiation, mediation, conflict resolution, and third-party facilitation; and education, including kindergarten through PhD programs that cover various aspects of global or cross-cultural studies, peace and world order studies, and conflict analysis, management, and resolution.
Track 6 – Activism, or Peacemaking through Advocacy. This track covers the field of peace and environmental activism on such issues as disarmament, human rights, social and economic justice, and advocacy of special-interest groups regarding specific governmental policies.
Track 7 – Religion, or Peacemaking through Faith in action. This examines the beliefs and peace-oriented actions of spiritual and religious communities and such morality-based movements as pacifism, sanctuary, and non-violence.
Track 8 – Funding, or Peacemaking through Providing Resources. This refers to the funding community-those foundations and individual philanthropists that provide the financial support for many of the activities undertaken by the other tracks.
Track 9 – Communications and the Media, or Peacemaking through Information. This is the realm of the voice of the people: how public opinion gets shaped and expressed by the media-print, film, video, radio, electronic systems, the arts.
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