It is all the use of either, Fallacy of circular reasoning, Fallacy of stated co-premise, Fallacy of cause and effect , Fallacies .

It is all the use of either, Fallacy of circular reasoning, Fallacy of stated co-premise, Fallacy of cause and effect , Fallacies .

By Dr. Sohail Ansari

Conceived and worded by DR Sohail Ansari (originality of concepts and originality of words).

He believes that there can never be a zero scope for improvement and appreciates criticism if it is not for the sake of criticism.

·      Preoccupation with the fundamental aspects of a theory is in itself sufficient to qualify a philosopher as revisionist as far those on the side of orthodoxy they are established realties beyond discussion.

·      Logical reasoning is all the worse for the things beyond experience and all the good within the confines of science; it is worse because it stops the search for the ultimate reality of things those are real in themselves.   

It is all the use of either

·        It is all the use of either; just master it and have the answer you wish to have:

(1) Either I am not false or 1=0

(2) Either you follow me or you follow devil.    

Fallacy of circular reasoning   

·        Circular reasoning is an attempt to support a statement by simply repeating the statement in different or stronger terms; for example: you should exercise because you should exercise; therefore you should obey me because you should obey.

(Exercise is good in any case but not obedience).

Fallacy of stated co-premise 

Fallacy of stated co-premise assumed to be already proven or proposition that is to be proved or assumed implicitly in one of the premise.  

·        No patriot can ask your great leader to step down; those are demanding my resignation are disloyal to our nation.

·      Only foolish can question my judgment; the fact that journalists are doing so is the proof of this.

·      Only stupid students can have doubts about my teaching methods. Some students are proving them idiots by questioning my methods.

Fallacy of cause and effect 

o   Mr Ali is the best mayor of our history because he is the most successful mayor the town has ever had.

o   Mr Ali is the most successful mayor the town has ever had because he is the best mayor of our history.

(Sentence number 2 supports a premise with the premise rather than a conclusion. Sentence 1 provides evidence, not a version of the premise to support a claim; sentence one, hence, contains the fallacy of cause and effect.)

Fallacies 

·        The star is a sun and the sun has planets, therefore, every star has planets.

·        Sun is a star and sun has planets, therefore every sun that has planets is a star.

·        The star is a sun, and the sun has planets, therefore, every planet that has sun is a star.

·        The star is a sun, and the sun has planets, therefore every planet that has sun is a sun.  

(Sun even has no planet, it is still a star)

·        All dogs are mammals; therefore, some mammals are dogs. Mammals have kidneys, therefore some dogs have kidneys.

·        All dogs are mammals and all mammals are dogs; therefore, mammals those are not dogs are not mammals.