A person can be the tenor in the quartet without learning tenor By Prof Dr Sohail ansari
"Verily, Allâh has chosen him above you and has
increased him abundantly in knowledge and stature. And Allâh grants His Kingdom
to whom He wills. And Allâh is All-Sufficient for His creatures' needs,
All-Knower." (Al-Baqarah 2:246-247)
Leadership is all about finding a parade
·
A leader can only be be a leader in his own right if has not hitched
a free ride on the rising star of now has-been.
Quotes:
“Leadership involves finding a parade and
getting in front of it.” - John Naisbitt
Only one man in a
thousand is a leader of men — the other 999 follow women.-Groucho
Marx
"Success in almost any field depends more on energy and drive
than it does on intelligence. This explains why we have so many stupid
leaders." - Sloan Wilson
“The question, 'Who ought to be boss?' is like
asking, 'Who ought to be the tenor in the quartet?' Obviously, the man who can
sing tenor.” - Henry
Ford
A good leader takes a little more than his
share of the blame, a little less than his share of the credit. Arnold H.
Glasow
Management is doing things right; leadership is
doing the right things. Peter Drucker
The art of communication is the language of
leadership. James Humes
People ask the difference between a leader and
a boss. The leader leads, and the boss drives. Theodore Roosevelt
Who
controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the
past. George Orwell
Happiness can exist only in acceptance. George Orwell
Happiness can exist only in acceptance. George Orwell
The
essence of being human is that one does not seek perfection.
George Orwell
Important concepts relating to research
design
Dependent and
independent variables:
A concept which
can take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
A phenomena
which can take on different qualitatively values even in decimal value are
called continues.
Extraneous
variables
That are not
related to the purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables
are termed as the extraneous variables
Example of this
Suppose
a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between
children gains in social studies achievement and their self concept.
In this case
self-concept =independent variable Social studies achievement =dependent
variable
Intelligence
may as well affect on the social achievement.
But it is not
related to the study undertaken by the researcher so it is a Extraneous
variable
· Control: One important
characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or effect. The
terminal term used when we design the study minimizing the effect of extraneous
independent variable
Conformed
relationship
· When the
dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable .the
relationship between the depended and independent v variable is said to be
confused by an extraneous variable
(A predicate is
a statement that may
be true or false depending on the values of its variables.)
Research hypothesis
The researcher
hypothesis is a predicative statement that relates an independent
variable to dependent variable.
· Experimental
and non-experimental hypothesis testing When the purpose of research is to test
a research hypothesis, it is termed as hypothesis testing research.
· It can be
experimental or non-expermantal
Experimental and
control groups
· When a group is
exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group. But when the
group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as Experimental
group
Treatments
· The different
conditions under which Experiment and control groups are put up usually
referred to as treatment.
Experiment
· The process of
examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research
problem, is known as an Experiment. We can conduct an Experiment to examine the usefulness of a
certain newly developed drug.
Different
research design
In case of
Exploratory research study in case of descriptive and diagnostic research In
case of hypothesis-testing research studies
Research design in case of exploratory research design.
Exploratory
research method is also termed as formulative research studied.
The main
purpose is that of formulate the research problem.
Three methods are:
The survey of
concerning literature
The experience
survey
The analysis of
‘inside-stimulating’
· .The survey of
concerning literature
This is most
simple and fruitful method of formulating the research problem .
Hypothesis is
taken earlier workers and their usefulness be evaluating as a basis for further
Research.
· The experience
survey
The experience
survey means the survey of people who had practical experience .
The object is
to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem.
· The analysis of
‘inside-stimulating. It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the hypothesis.
It is particularly suitable in the areas where there is little experience to
serve as a guide.
In this method the existing
records may be examined .
in case of descriptive research study –one
those studied which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a
particular
Individual , or
a group.
In diagnostic
research study determine the frequency which some thing occur.
Difference between
formulative= descriptive/diagnostic
Flexible design
· Judgmental
sampling
· No
pre-determined design
· No fixed
decision about the operational procedures No flexibility
· Random sampling
· Pre-determined
design for analysis
· Advanced
decisions
In case of
hypothesis-testing research studies hypothesis-testing research studies known
as experimental studies are those researcher tests the hypothesis of casual
relationship between variables.
The survey of concerning
literature
A literature survey or a
literature review (in a project report) is that section which shows the various analyses and research made in the field of your interest and the results already published, taking into account the
various parameters of the project and the extent of the project.
It is the most important part of your report as it gives
you a direction in the area of your research. It
helps you set a goal for your analysis - thus giving you your problem
statement.
When you write a literature
review in respect of your project, you have to write the
researches made by various analysts - their methodology (which is basically their abstract) and the conclusions they have arrived at. You
should also give an account of how this research has
influenced your thesis.
Descriptive papers may or
may not contain reviews, but analytical papers will contain reviews. A
literature review must contain at least 5 - 7 published
researches in your field of interest.
literature review is a
text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including
substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary
sources, and do not report new or original experimental work. Most
often associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic
journals, and are not to be confused with book
reviews that may also appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a
basis for research in nearly every academic field.
Producing
a literature review may also be part of graduate and post-graduate student
work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a
journal article. Literature reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document
that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis)
Literature survey may also be known as a literature
review.
This segment the existing and
established theory and research in your report range. You are giving a
context for your work.
This area can be used to indicate where you are filling an
apparent hole in the current hypothesis or learning, or you are proposing
something that conflicts with or is questionable to existing ideas.
You should precisely reference all
sources said here and give a full reference in the
Reference List.
·
Writing literature
survey is something when you take a gander at (“stretch one's neck to see,” To take a look; to check
or examine.) a writing (productions) in a surface level, or an Ariel view. (Also known as a bird’s eye view.
This is the viewpoint seen at a high elevation). It
incorporates the study of place people and productions is setting of research. It is phase
where the analyst tries to know about what are all the literature related with
one range of interest. Also, the relevant literature works are short-listed. Moreover,
literature
survey guides or helps the researcher to define/find out/identify a problem.
·
Whereas a literature review is going into the depth of the
writing studied. It is a procedure of reconsidering, assessing or evaluating
the short-recorded writing (literature overview phase). Review of
literature gives a clearness and better understanding of the
exploration/venture.
A
literature survey represents a study of previously existing material on the
topic of the report. This includes (in this order) -
1. Existing theories about the topic which are accepted universally.
2. Books written on the topic, both generic (not specific) and specific.
3. Research done in the field usually in the order of oldest to latest.
4. Challenges being faced and ongoing work, if available.
The literature survey should be structured in such a way as to logically (and chronologically) represent the development of ideas in that field.
The size (length) of the literature survey depends a lot on whether you're writing a project report to submit for publication in a journal or for a college assignment.
It can range from a review of just a few research papers on the topic to a full-length discussion of significant work done in the field till date.
1. Existing theories about the topic which are accepted universally.
2. Books written on the topic, both generic (not specific) and specific.
3. Research done in the field usually in the order of oldest to latest.
4. Challenges being faced and ongoing work, if available.
The literature survey should be structured in such a way as to logically (and chronologically) represent the development of ideas in that field.
The size (length) of the literature survey depends a lot on whether you're writing a project report to submit for publication in a journal or for a college assignment.
It can range from a review of just a few research papers on the topic to a full-length discussion of significant work done in the field till date.
Arpan Hota, Engineer Infinite 2016 champion
Literature
survey in your project report represents the ground
study you have done for the completion
of your project. It can include
·
A book: act as a reference for
the concepts you used in your project.
·
Research papers: It can also act
as a reference for the theories. However, most of the cases you critically
compare them and establish your purpose for the project and improvement.
* Another project
report or a thesis what helped you can also be added to literature survey.
Whenever you
are doing a project work, there would be some existing work related to it.
These works would be chronicled in the form of publications in journals and
research papers. There should be a brief
description and critique of your own about
these work in your project work. This description is known as literature review or literature survey. Lot of time people also mention it as “Related Work”.
Literature survey or literature review refers to the
content getting from the books which is related to the topic or given project.
It should be referred from the some research paper
which is related to the topic which is given to the student. Any material which
is related to the project from internet and which is valuable for student and
that literature survey helped the student to enhance the report status and
calculation, analysis and tabulation also strong which majorly reflects in the
report. So in this way we can select the literature survey or literature
review…
There are
already several very good answers here so I will add
only a perspective from my research.
The Lit Review is sometimes called a "review
of knowledge" and it does very much depend on what discipline
you are working in. If you are working in a field such as the arts or
performing arts then your review will certainly include
artworks and performances, especially those undertaken as research
(not just books and articles).
The purpose
being to contextualise what you are doing. Think of it as joining a community of
scholars who are having a discussion on and around the topic you are interested in. You need to put your
contribution to the topic into context. What
are other people saying. What new idea or perspective can you bring.
So the lit review will be something you do that helps
you join that discussion and when it comes to writing up your paper on your
contribution you will have a section which summarises your survey of the most
relevant "literature".
Literature survey is
something when you look at a literature (publications) in a surface level , or
an Ariel view. It includes the survey of place
people and publications is context of Research.
It is a phase where the researcher tries to know of what are all the literature
related to one area of interest. And the relevant literatures are short-listed.
And in general, a literature survey guides or helps the researcher to
define/find out/identify a problem.
Literature
survey is nothing but checking all the prior research
work on topic of your project . All the
prior research works related to your topic which you have referred will be
included in your report under literature survey. you can refer A Book A research Paper or A Thesis
Differences between literature survey and literature
review
Intrinsically, considered alone. For example, In
and ofitself the plan might work, but I doubt that it will beapproved. It is also put simply as in itself, as in Thisaccount may be true in itself. [First half of 1600s ]
Select,
organize, and present (online content, merchandise, information, etc.),
typically using professional or expert knowledge.
"People not only want to connect when using a network
but they also enjoy getting credit for sharing or curating information."
|
|
Reviewing the literature relevant to a given field is a
standard part of doing research, as this serves to put your work into the
context of the larger discipline in which you are working.
If there is an actual difference between the
"literature survey" and the "literature review," it's
that the latter can serve as a paper in and of itself, and is much more extensive
than a literature survey, which is typically a major
part of the introduction of a research paper.
The literature review as a standalone article could be
compared to a "curated" overview of the literature in the field—who has done
what, how do papers relate to one another, and what are the most important
present and (possibly) future directions of work in such a field. Such papers
can also be considerably longer than a traditional research paper, and some
reviews might cite as many as a thousand references!
In comparison, the literature survey of a standard research article
is usually much shorter (1-2 journal pages), and will not cite nearly as many
papers (anywhere from 10 to 100, depending on the topic and the amount of
relevant literature available).
|
Literature
overview phase
Writing a Literature Review
Phase 1:
Scope of Review
Need to Have
a Precise Topic
It is essential that one defines a research topic very carefully. For example, it should not be too far-reaching. The following is much too broad:
It is essential that one defines a research topic very carefully. For example, it should not be too far-reaching. The following is much too broad:
"Life
and Times of Sigmund Freud"
However, this is more focused and specific
and, accordingly, a more appropriate topic:
"An Analysis of the
Relationship of Freud and Jung in the International Psychoanalytic Association,
1910-1914"
Limitations of Study
In specifying precisely one's research topic, one is also specifying appropriate limitations on the research. Limiting, for example, by time, personnel, gender, age, location, nationality etc. results in a more focused and meaningful topic.
In specifying precisely one's research topic, one is also specifying appropriate limitations on the research. Limiting, for example, by time, personnel, gender, age, location, nationality etc. results in a more focused and meaningful topic.
Scope of the Literature Review
It is also important to determine the precise scope of the literature review. For example,
It is also important to determine the precise scope of the literature review. For example,
·
what exactly will you cover in your review?
·
How comprehensive will it be?
·
How long? About how many citations will you use?
·
How detailed? Will it be a review of ALL relevant material or
will the scope be limited to more recent material, e.g., the last five years.
·
Are you focusing on methodological approaches; on theoretical
issues; on qualitative or quantitative research?
·
Will you broaden your search to seek literature in related
disciplines?
·
Will you confine your reviewed material to English language only
or will you include research in other languages too?
Writing a
Literature Review
Phase 2: Finding Information
Finding
Existing Literature Reviews
As literature reviews may already exist on some aspect of your
topic, it is often useful to search databases for them. However, while
many databases do not permit one to limit to the specific document type
of literature reviews,
some do. At any rate, it is usually a good idea when searching a database
to enter the particular search term(s) in the first search box and then
"literature review" (or the truncated "literature review*"
that will retrieve "literature review" and "literature reviews.
Writing a Literature Review
Phase 3: Recording Information
Recording the
Info.
We all have different ways of recording
information etc.:
·
Cards with notes.
·
Photocopied articles with text highlighted with notes.
·
Laptops, PDAs, etc.
Writing a Literature Review
Phase 4: Evaluating Information
Need to be
Objective
In evaluating what they've read and deciding
what to include in the lit. review, researchers should, of course, be
objective. They must
·
avoid shunning information that contradicts their own views.
·
keep open minds.
·
look at the topic from different vantage points.
·
in short, act in a scholarly manner.
Writing a
Literature Review
Phase 5:
Organizing the Review
Categorizing the Literature
When categorizing the writings in the
review, the researcher might consider
·
the methodology employed;
·
the quality of the findings or conclusions;
·
the document’s major strengths and weaknesses;
·
any other pivotal information.
She might consider such questions as:
·
what beliefs are expressed?
·
Is there an ideological stance?
·
What is being described? Is it comprehensive or narrow?
·
Are the results generalizable?
Remember that you are relating other
studies to your study. How do the studies in your lit.
review relate to your thesis? How are the other studies related to each other?
Many Similar
Studies?
If there are many similar studies, a
strategy might be to discuss the most important ones and say that the results
were confirmed in many other studies.
Still, to include only germane studies, the reviewer must usually examine many.
Still, to include only germane studies, the reviewer must usually examine many.
Writing a Literature Review
Phase 6: Writing the Literature
Review
Excellent Writing
is Essential
After you have located your literature,
read it, analyzed and evaluated it, it’s time to embark on the essential next
stage of actually writing it up. It’s always worthwhile to lavish care on the
actual writing of your literature review.
Some tips:
Some tips:
·
Keep your audience in mind as you write your literature review.
Your writing should be pitched at the level of expected readers. Use the
terminology appropriate to them, i.e. physics terms for physicists; sociology
terms for sociologists.
·
If you are writing for the ordinary reader, avoid all jargon.
Generally, "plain English" is the best strategy.
·
It’s usually a good idea to keep your paragraphs short.
·
Subheadings should be used to clarify the structure. They break
up the material into more readable units as well as give the reader a place to
"dive in" if she doesn't want to read all of the material.
·
It’s often a good idea to write the first draft straight through
and quickly – this can help preserve continuity and give coherence. Once you
have text down on paper (or on a computer) it’s often far easier to make needed
revisions.
·
Some common errors include:
o a
failure to focus by going off on tangents;
o failure
to cite essential pertinent studies;
o failure
to maintain a coherent, logical flow;
o weak
organization;
o poor
language, grammar etc.
·
Use direct quotation sparingly and judiciously. Paraphrasing
writers' works is often preferable to quoting direct passages.
·
Be prudent in the number of studies you discuss and cite.
Referring to almost everything on the subject is
useless.
·
Don't cite references that you haven't read.
·
A review is NOT a group of linked abstracts, one per paragraph.
At the end of the review the reader, captivated by both the
style and content, should be able to declare: “This is precisely the study that
must be carried out now to advance the needed research in this field.”
Conduct a literature review
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a summary of the published work in a
field of study. This can be a section of a larger paper or article, or can be
the focus of an entire paper. Literature reviews show that you have examined
the breadth of knowledge and can justify your thesis or research questions.
They are also valuable tools for other researchers who need to find a summary
of that field of knowledge.
Unlike an annotated bibliography, which is a list of sources
with short descriptions, a literature review synthesizes sources into a summary
that has a thesis or statement of purpose—stated or implied—at its core.
How do I write a literature review?
Step 1: Define your research scope
·
What is the specific research question that your literature
review helps to define?
·
Are there a maximum or minimum number of sources that your
review should include?
Ask us if you have questions
about refining your topic, search methods, writing tips, or citation
management.
Step 2: Identify the literature
Start by searching broadly. Literature for your review will
typically be acquired through scholarly books, journal articles, and/or
dissertations. Develop an understanding of what is out there, what terms are
accurate and helpful, etc., and keep track of all of it with citation management
tools. If you need help figuring out key terms and where to
search, ask us.
Use citation searching to track how scholars interact with, and
build upon, previous research:
·
Mine the references cited section of each relevant source for
additional key sources
·
Use Google Scholar or Scopus to find other sources that have
cited a particular work
Step 3: Critically analyze the literature
Key to your literature review is a critical analysis of the
literature collected around your topic. The analysis will explore
relationships, major themes, and any critical gaps in the research expressed in
the work. Read and summarize each source with an eye toward analyzing
authority, currency, coverage, methodology, and relationship to other works.
The University of Toronto's Writing Center provides a comprehensive list of questions you
can use to analyze your sources.
Step 4: Categorize your resources
Divide the available resources that pertain to your research
into categories reflecting their roles in addressing your research question.
Possible ways to categorize resources include organization by:
·
chronology
·
theme
·
methodology
·
theoretical/philosophical
approach
Regardless of the division, each category should be accompanied
by thorough discussions and explanations of strengths and weaknesses, value to
the overall survey, and comparisons with similar sources. You may have enough
resources when:
·
You've used multiple databases and other resources (web portals,
repositories, etc.) to get a variety of perspectives on the research topic.
·
The same citations are showing up in a variety of databases.
Additional Resources
Undergraduate student resources
Graduate student resources
·
Thomas, R. M. &
Brubaker, D. L. (2008). Theses and
dissertations: a guide to planning, research, and writing.
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